Quiz Chapter 1 Water

Chapter 2 Earth Processes

Earth’s rotation causes moving water to be deflected differently in the two hemispheres.

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1. Explain how the Coriolis effect influences surface ocean currents. [2]

Currents are deflected only when they enter shallow water.

Currents are deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

Currents are deflected left in both hemispheres.

Currents always move directly toward the equator.

Consider what happens to trade winds and upwelling during El Niño.

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2. Explain why primary productivity off the coast of Peru commonly decreases during El Niño conditions. [2]

Stronger trade winds increase upwelling and remove nutrients from the surface.

Increased tidal range transports nutrients away from the Peruvian coast.

Weaker trade winds allow warm surface water to accumulate in the eastern Pacific, reducing nutrient-rich upwelling

Cold surface water moves toward Peru and blocks sunlight.

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3. Distinguish between a divergent boundary and a transform boundary. [2]

Both boundaries involve one plate subducting beneath another.

At a divergent boundary plates collide; at a transform boundary plates move apart.

Both boundaries produce new oceanic crust.

At a divergent boundary plates move apart; at a transform boundary plates slide laterally past each other.

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4. State the process by which cold, nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean rises to the surface. [1]

La Niña generally strengthens the normal Pacific circulation pattern.

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5. Explain why primary productivity off the coast of Peru may increase during La Niña. [3]

Weaker trade winds prevent cold water from reaching the surface.

Stronger trade winds enhance upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water, increasing nutrient availability to phytoplankton.

Warm surface water accumulates near Peru and increases nutrient concentrations.

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6. Identify THREE features commonly associated with an oceanic–continental convergent plate boundary. [3]

Deep-ocean trench

Earthquakes

New oceanic crust formed by seafloor spreading

Abyssal plain formed by transform movement

Volcanoes

Think about where rivers meet the sea.

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7. Which TWO characteristics are typical of an estuary? [2]

Strong waves prevent fine sediment deposition.

Freshwater mixes with seawater.

The water is usually brackish.

The water always has oceanic salinity.

Consider the positions of the Sun, Earth, and Moon.

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8. Explain why spring tides have a greater tidal range than neap tides. [2]

Earth is closest to the Sun during every spring tide.

Strong winds increase the gravitational attraction of the Moon.

The Sun, Moon, and Earth are aligned, so the gravitational effects of the Sun and Moon combine.

The Sun and Moon are at right angles, so their gravitational effects combine.

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9. Describe the change in phytoplankton abundance between the normal year and the El Niño year. Use data from the table. [2]

from 120 to 48 / decreased by 72 / decreased by 40%

from 120 to 48 / decreased by 72 / decreased by 60%

phytoplankton abundance decreased

phytoplankton abundance increased

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10. Explain how convection currents in the mantle can cause tectonic plates to move. [3]

Ocean currents transfer energy to the lithosphere and move tectonic plates.

Hot mantle material becomes less dense and rises; cooler material becomes denser and sinks, producing circulation that contributes to plate movement.

The inner core melts the crust, allowing continents to float freely across the oceans.

Cold mantle material becomes less dense and rises, pushing the plates upward.

Compare neap tides with spring tides.

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11. Which TWO conditions are associated with neap tides? [2]

The tidal range is relatively small.

The highest high tides of the month occur.

The Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned.

The Sun and Moon are approximately at right angles relative to Earth.

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12. Explain why oceanic crust is commonly subducted beneath continental crust at a convergent plate boundary. [2]

Continental crust is thinner than oceanic crust.

Continental crust is made mainly of basalt.

Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust and sinks beneath it.

Oceanic crust is older and therefore always colder.

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13. Calculate the percentage decrease in nitrate concentration during the El Niño year. Show your working. [2]

57.6%

15%

65%

66.7%

El Niño shifts warm water and atmospheric circulation eastward across the Pacific.

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14. Which TWO changes are associated with El Niño conditions? [2]

Primary productivity off Peru increases substantially.

Stronger-than-average upwelling occurs off Peru.

Increased rainfall in parts of the eastern tropical Pacific and coastal South America.

Drought conditions can develop in Indonesia and Australia.

Think about what happens to river velocity and sediment-carrying capacity near the sea.

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15. Explain how a delta forms at the mouth of a river. [2]

River velocity increases at the coast and erodes the seabed.

Ocean water dissolves river sediment and converts it into sand.

Tidal currents remove sediment and create a deep channel.

River velocity decreases as it enters the sea, causing transported sediment to be deposited and accumulate.

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16. Identify TWO pieces of evidence that support the theory of continental drift. [2]

Matching rock formations occur on different continents.

Earthquakes occur only at divergent boundaries.

Oceanic crust is thicker than continental crust.

Similar fossils occur on continents now separated by oceans.

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17. Explain the relationship between the increase in sea-surface temperature and the decrease in phytoplankton abundance. [3]

warm surface water suppresses/reduces upwelling of cold deep water

fewer nutrients reach surface waters, reducing phytoplankton growth/primary productivity

warm surface water increases upwelling of deep cold water

trade winds weaken during El Niño, allowing warm surface water to accumulate near Peru

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18. Which statement correctly describes oceanic crust? [1]

It is mainly basalt and is less dense than continental crust.

It is mainly granite and is denser than continental crust.

It is mainly basalt and is denser than continental crust.

It is mainly granite and is less dense than continental crust.

Think about what replaces surface water that is moved away from a coastline.

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19. During normal conditions in the tropical Pacific, trade winds contribute to high productivity off the west coast of South America. Explain why. [2]

Trade winds directly transport nutrients from Australia to South America.

Trade winds move surface water away from the coast, allowing cold, nutrient-rich deep water to upwell.

Trade winds increase evaporation, causing nutrients to fall from the atmosphere.

Trade winds push warm water toward South America and stop upwelling.

20 / 20

20. Describe what occurs at a divergent plate boundary. [3]

One plate remains stationary while another plate moves beneath it.

Two plates move apart, magma rises between them, and new crust is formed as the magma cools.

Two plates move toward each other and both are completely destroyed.

Two plates slide laterally past one another and new crust is formed.

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